Last year, in this country alone, more than 15 million units of whole blood and red cells were collected by blood centers and hospitals. That’s nearly 900,000 gallons of life’s red sauce! Based on data supplied by the National Blood Data Resource Center, approximately five million patients nationwide will receive transfusions of whole blood and red cells this year.
Since whole blood can be processed into other components, such as platelets, plasma and cryoprecipitate, the total number of units of all these components transfused in the U.S. in 2001 (the most recent data available) was a staggering 29 million!
If you can get past any squeamishness of the sight of blood and can put up with the inevitable Dracula jokes from your friends’ tired attempts at being funny, a career in blood bank technology can be personally and financially rewarding. In addition, as is the case with many other allied health careers, employment demand for blood bank technologists will continue to grow. A Bureau of Labor Statistics projection indicates that the employment of clinical laboratory technologists and scientists (which include blood bank technologists) will increase by 10-20% through 2008.
Specialists in blood banking (SBB) possess a bachelor’s degree (or higher), undergo additional training and must pass a certification exam (more specific details appear later in this article). Most entry-level salaries average between $32,000-$42,000; subject to the usual variations for past medical experience, geographic location and job market conditions. With ongoing training and additional supervisory, teaching, research and/or administrative responsibilities, the salaries can go much higher.
What You’ll Do
The work environment is primarily in hospitals, community blood banks, transfusion centers, private hospital blood banks, university-affiliated blood banks and laboratories. Specialists may have some weekend and night duty, including emergency calls.
SBBs are required to possess a superior level of technical proficiency. They perform both routine and specialized tests in blood bank and blood collection centers. Their duties may include 1) identifying blood types and antibodies; 2) screening for transfusion-transmitted viruses; 3) investigating adverse responses to transfusion; 4) supervising the collection, separation, delivery and storage of blood components; and 5) supporting physicians and nurses in blood transfusion therapy. They use problem solving-skills and technical expertise in such areas as:
Testing for blood group antigens, compatibility and antibody identification.
Investigating abnormalities such as hemolytic diseases of the newborn, hemolytic anemias and adverse responses to transfusion.
Supporting physicians in transfusion therapy for patients with diseases affecting blood clotting or candidates for organ transplant.
Performing blood collection and processing, including selecting donors, drawing and typing blood and performing pretransfusion tests to ensure the safety of the patient.
In addition, many specialists are also busy supervising, managing and/or teaching as part of their daily responsibilities.
Certified SBBs are qualified to fill many roles within blood banking and transfusion medicine, and are not limited to lab work. SBBs can perform regulatory, technical and procedural tasks; serve as research advisors in transfusion medicine; perform and direct administrative functions; troubleshoot and perform corrective action to prevent and document problems; design and present educational programs; provide technical and scientific training in transfusion medicine; conduct research in transfusion medicine; and serve as technical experts and consultants for blood centers and transfusion services.
Tell Me About It
Brenda C. Barnes, MT (ASCP) SBB, blood bank supervisor, Great Plains Regional Medical Center, North Platte, Neb., confirms that blood banking is an exciting profession. “There are so many different directions a career in blood banking can go,” says Barnes. “If a person is interested in working with blood donors, working in a blood donor center is an option. Blood donor centers can offer a chance to help with collection of blood and components, processing blood or components, and/or testing of components to ensure the safest blood supply possible.
“If a person were interested in working with patients, a hospital or reference lab setting would be a good choice,” continues Barnes. “A hospital setting offers the opportunity to perform testing on patients that need blood or blood components. Testing for these patients can range from routine workups to complex antibody problems, so no two days are ever the same. Working in a reference lab setting involves dealing daily with difficult patient workups, which can often be very complex.”
The SBB may also teach young physicians or medical technology students as a faculty member at universities or teaching hospitals. SBBs may serve as education coordinators of medical technology programs and specialists in blood bank technology programs. Many SBBs choose to concentrate on medical research in universities, government-related facilities or industry-related facilities. Other employment options open to SBBs are reference consultation laboratories; the head or staff member of a frozen blood department; a human leukocyte antigens specialist, testing white cells for transfusions and organ transplants; or the technologist for a pheresis program, a relatively new technique of drawing blood from a donor, extracting the needed component (white cells, plasma or platelets) and returning the remainder of the blood to the donor.
Shanasey Weber, MT, is on educational leave from St. Luke’s Hospital in Kansas City, Mo., attending the SBB program at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Weber chose medical technology due to the fact that there is usually a specific job waiting for you even before you graduate.
“The market is in such need that you can find a job practically anywhere,” says Weber. “If your spouse’s career requires the family to relocate it is very easy to move from place to place and still be guaranteed employment.”
Weber says there is also a need in the area of blood bank technology to combine such training with computer programming/database skills and/or web design. “I see overlap in these areas to improve the software utilized in blood banking,” says Weber.
Jason Hunn, MT (ASCP), blood bank supervisor, Arkansas Methodist Center, Paragould, Ark., says, “Blood banking is a great profession. It’s a field of allied health that challenges you every day you go to work. I recommend that students have a strong background in immunology, as this is the foundation of transfusion medicine. The blood bank program is 12 months but since you are looking at a minimum of a bachelor’s degree and some blood banking experience, it is about seven years from the start of a person’s college degree to becoming certified as a specialist in blood banking.”
Barnes shares that “there are also various opportunities for people interested in management positions. These can range from supervising a transfusion service or donor testing lab to becoming a quality assurance specialist who is responsible for overseeing day-to-day operations to ensure work within a testing lab is compliant with all state and federal laws.”
What’ll It Take?
In 1954, the American Society of Clinical Pathologists’ Board of Registry administered the first examination for blood bank technologists. Technologists working in blood banking for at least five years were eligible to take the examination.
After 1960, individuals could attend a 12-month educational program at an accredited school in lieu of the five years of experience. Levels of competency were established, and the scope of knowledge pertinent to the field was prescribed to ensure that the institutions would maintain acceptable standards of practice to include all phases of blood bank technology, laboratory management and transfusion services.
The American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) in cooperation with the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) has been accrediting SBB programs since 1962. Upon successful completion of an accredited SBB program, students may apply to take the Board of Registry SBB Certification Examination to become certified as specialists in blood banking technology. Most SBB programs are conducted in hospitals or community blood centers or universities, and consist of didactic experience covering all theoretical concepts of blood bank immunohematology combined with practical work.
Applicants must be certified in medical technology by the Board of Registry and possess a baccalaureate degree from a regionally accredited college or university. If applicants are not certified in medical technology by the Board of Registry, they must possess both a baccalaureate degree from an accredited college or university with a major in any of the biological or physical sciences and have work experience in a blood bank.
Paths to Success
According to the AABB, there are four paths to obtain the SBB certification.
In order to become an SBB, a bachelor’s degree with a major in any biological science, chemistry, physical science or mathematics is required, followed by medical technology training and then passing a certification examination from the Board of Registry. Most post-baccalaureate educational programs are 12 months in length. Subjects included in the training are genetics, immunology, blood groups, collection and storage of blood components, donor processing, immune mechanisms, component therapy, transfusion of the newborn, complications of transfusions, general administration, personnel administration and education. At this time, there are 13 SBB programs in the U.S. that are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).
Medical Technologists who have been out of school for some time can achieve SBB certification by passing the exam, provided they meet the following criteria: medical technology certification; bachelor’s degree from a regionally accredited college/university, including 16 semester hours of biological science, 16 semester hours of chemistry and one semester of mathematics; and three years of full-time clinical laboratory experience in blood banking within the last 10 years.
Individuals who have completed graduate degrees also may be eligible to sit for the specialist in blood banking certification exam provided they meet they following criteria: master’s or doctorate degree in chemistry, biology, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, allied health, clinical laboratory sciences or appropriately related field from an accredited college/university; three years of full-time clinical laboratory experience in blood banking within the last 10 years. In both paths 2 and 3, the three years’ experience must have been acquired post-bachelor’s degree and have been under the supervision of an American Board of Pathology certified pathologist or an appropriately board-certified medical scientist.
Graduates of doctoral programs in chemistry, biology, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, allied health, clinical laboratory sciences or an appropriately related field from an accredited college/university and those who have completed two years’ of a postdoctoral fellowship in blood banking within the last 10 years also are eligible to take the certification exam.
Opportunity Knocks
No career field can claim to be completely immune to racial or sexual discrimination, but medical technology (a path to becoming an SBB) is a profession in which gender and ethnicity have been proven to have little or no influence over one’s career. The American Society for Clinical Pathology conducted a 10-year-long study of newly certified medical technologists that proved that that the tasks mix of medical technologists was the same regardless of gender, ethnicity, job title, facility location or degree. The study concluded: “Medical technology is an egalitarian profession. Gender and ethnicity do not influence task responsibilities at entry level or over time.” This indicates that the way to the top is by pure technical ability.
The profession is booming and has plenty of room for growth. Blood bank supervisor, Jason Hunn, says, “The field of blood bank technology is for you if you have good investigative skills and a natural curiosity for science.”
“The most common description for blood bankers is perfectionist,” adds Brenda Barnes, another blood bank supervisor. “Blood banking is about more than just working up antibodies, but this one part of the job is what gets the most attention. Blood banking is an area that does not allow for mistakes, but it is also not a perfect science.
“It is also one of the last areas of the lab to become automated and is much more hands-on. A successful blood banker has good critical thinking skills and is a good problem solver. Someone that likes to solve puzzles or figure out riddles would fit in well. Multi-tasking ability is a must, as well as the ability to deal with a certain amount of stress. But the best part is at the end of a day; you know you have accomplished something. Knowing you have provided a patient with the safest component possible, whether a routine workup or the most complex antibody, is an excellent feeling of accomplishment.”
Addressing the Shortage of Medical Technologists
In August 2002 the president of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) contacted colleges and universities to tell them of the critical need to train the next generation of medical laboratory personnel. The need for qualified medical technologists is in critically short supply. The Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that 9,000 new laboratory practitioners will be needed each year, yet only 4,500 are entering the workforce annually. The area of medical technology, which is one way to the path of a specialist in blood banking technology, has also been hit with the potential closure of some college programs. Unfortunately, a number of clinical training sites have discontinued educating laboratory personnel says Ann Graham, ASCP 2002 president. “This may be giving a wrong impression about the profession,” says Graham.
In addition to this plea for more assistance, on February 5, 2003, U.S. Representatives John Shimkus (R-IL) and Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D-IL) introduced the Medical Laboratory Personnel Shortage Act of 2003 to address the serious shortage of medical laboratory personnel in the United States . Representatives Shimkus, Jackson and bill co-sponsor Representative Michael Bilirakis (R-FL) worked with ASCP in finding solutions to attract professionals into the laboratory field.
Linda Perez-Beller earned a degree in communications while working part time. Then she decided to go to law school. Then she changed her mind. It took Phong Pham three years to make up his mind.
Today both Perez-Beller and Pham work as pharmacy technicians at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago and both have made the leap to go back to school to earn their Pharm.D. degrees.
Although not always an easy choice, going back to school often pays dividends in the form of higher salaries and better career opportunities. Some allied health pros hit the books to switch from one health care field to another. Others—such as Perez-Beller and Pham—earn a more advanced degree in the same field.
Whatever the reason for returning to school, opportunities in allied health are plentiful, and perhaps more than ever before, schools and hospitals are actively recruiting people of color to these fields.
“[This area] desperately needs minorities,” says Carolyn Baum, Ph.D., director of the occupational therapy program at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. “The aging population and people with disabilities are disproportionately minorities…. We just don’t have enough minority practitioners to work with minority populations.”
Inexperienced? No Problem!
While Perez-Beller and Pham are finding success moving from pharmacy techs to advanced degrees, pharmacy isn’t the only area where employees can start out working as techs or assistants before going back to school. According to Baum, students in Washington University’s occupational therapy program worked as counselors at camps for disabled kids, as personal assistants and as aides in nursing homes before becoming graduate school students.
But what if you don’t have any health care work experience? You’re not alone. The vast majority of graduate students in programs from pharmacy to dental hygiene are not moving up from tech to pro. Many are recent graduates with science majors while others are going back to school after working in an unrelated field.
Those with bachelor’s degrees in non-science subjects may have to return to school to take prerequisite courses. For example, at Washington University students in occupational therapy typically have a bachelor’s degree in biology or psychology, but anyone—even an English or history major—can take the necessary prerequisites and have a shot at getting into this prestigious school.
Sometimes a non-science educational background is even encouraged. At Washington University’s physical therapy program (also part of the School of Medicine), those with degrees in other areas may even have an advantage.
“We are really trying to get people with liberal arts backgrounds,” states Jennifer Stith, Ph.D., division director of education in the Program of Physical Therapy. “We want them broadly prepared; the curriculum depends on that.”
Perez-Beller is actually an example of a non-traditional education background. She has a bachelor’s degree in communications and is currently taking pharmacy prerequisites before she begins grad school. At the University of Southern California School of Dentistry, students entering the dental hygiene program—an undergraduate program—must have completed two years of college or an associate’s degree in addition to specific prerequisite courses.
Many technicians, dental hygienists and others in the allied health field hold an associate’s degree. Often this means they have to enroll in night classes while working full-time jobs to complete a bachelor’s degree before they even fill out their first grad school application.
Students such as Perez-Beller, who must take night classes for several semesters just to get into grad school, say the payoff is worth long the days and nights. Despite her interests and studies in journalism and law, Perez-Beller always loved her part-time job at the pharmacy. But she wanted more interaction with patients, more responsibility and better pay.
“I want to move up,” says Perez-Beller. “Being a pharmacist gives me more control over how much I can help people. I love being a tech, but there’s only so much you can do.”
Pham also continued his work at Northwestern Memorial while he attended classes. Eight years ago, Pham took a job as a pharmacy tech to see if he liked the work. After three years, he decided to make the move and continues working as a technician, even during his rotations. Like Perez-Beller, Pham saw going back to school as his ticket to a better life, one he didn’t have available to him in his native Vietnam.
“In my country, we didn’t have the opportunity to earn more education,” adds Pham. “So that’s a big motivation. I see that the more education I have, the better I can work together with other people.”
Other professionals may want to move into management positions or switch to another specialty or field. According to Mary Burritt, Ph.D., of the Mayo School of Health Sciences in Rochester, Minn., one example is radiographers who go back to school to earn a four-year degree in radiation therapy or a certificate in diagnostic medical sonography.
Bringing Home the Big Bucks
In addition to being able to do more, professionals with advanced degrees can earn more as well. Desi Kotis, Pharm.D., is a pharmacy manager at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. According to Kotis, pharmacy technicians earn $13.80 per hour, $18 per hour if they are certified. Pharmacists can earn more than twice that, from $36 to $43 per hour. Likewise, physical therapists average about $41,000 in earnings per year, while physical therapy assistants typically earn about $30,000 per year. According to Baum, a recent doctoral graduate of Washington University’s occupational therapy program got a consulting job earning $100,000 straight out of school.
However, visions of earning the big bucks can be damped when the reality of skyrocketing tuition costs sink in. At the University of Southern California School of Dentistry, the estimated cost of tuition plus living expenses for a dental hygiene student is $100,000 per year. At Washington University, tuition for a year in the occupational therapy program is $19,300, and $24,900 for a year in its physical therapy program.
Other programs—especially those at state universities—can cost much less, however, with the above examples at the high end of the cost spectrum. And keep in mind, savings can be found at even the most expensive schools, especially for minority students.
Developing Diversity
Because of a dearth of minorities in allied health fields, schools are working hard to attract minorities to their programs.
“We’d love to recruit more minority students here,” says Burritt. “Our patient population is diverse and it’s really important that our student population be diverse.”
At USC, a high number of international students in the dental hygiene program means the number of minorities is higher than programs at other schools. But according to Kelly Spradlin, admission coordinator for dental hygiene and post-doctoral programs, few African Americans attend the program, a group the school is currently actively recruiting.
To bring more people of color into their allied health programs, schools are offering scholarships targeted specifically to minority students. Washington University offers the Ben Vereen Scholarship for an entering African-American student and the Brendan Feely Book Scholarship to qualified minority students, in addition to its regular research and clinical assistantships. According to Baum, 80% of students receive significant levels of assistance in the form of scholarships, minority fellowships and assistantships. Similarly, the University of Southern California School of Dentistry offers a scholarship for African Americans.
In addition to scholarships, student loans can help finance a graduate school career. Loans are cheaper than ever with rock-bottom interest rates one of the only benefits of the current economy.
Just as schools lack diversity in their student population, so to do hospitals and other employers in the health care industry. Employers, like schools, are eager to attract minority workers to their fields. Patients at these institutions are as diverse as the general population, and hospitals and other employers want to match that diversity among their staff.
Current Shortage = Good News for You
In fact, allied health employers are struggling to fill positions in general—not just with minority workers. “The shortages are really becoming acute,” says Mary Burritt, Ph.D., of the Mayo School of Health Sciences.
Burritt states that in rural areas, some 40% of positions remain unfilled in certain allied health fields. Burritt and others attribute the shortage to an aging work force and the closing of educational programs by hospitals that could no longer afford funding rotations.
“The job market is wide open as long as people have training in health care,” adds Burritt.
A labor shortage means salaries—even in a lackluster economy—are increasing. Some hospitals are even offering signing bonuses. Of course, the level of opportunity and salary depends on the field you go into. Some fields are stable, while others are expanding. One example is occupational therapy.
“Occupational therapy is really a growing field,” says Baum. “There’s more of a demand than there is a supply. Salaries in this field always follow the supply/demand curve.”
Radiology is another field that is constantly growing, with some radiologic technologists opting for more education—including studying for a certification exam—to go into high-demand specialties within radiology, such as nuclear medicine or stenography. “The entire field is growing at such a rapid rate,” states Anne Schletty, a staffing specialist at Mayo Clinic who hires for the radiology department. “There’s opportunity everywhere in this field.”
Burritt and others say projections show the trend continuing with openings in allied health outnumbering workers at an increasing rate over the next few years.
Staying on the Cutting Edge
Although better pay and more job choices are common motivators for those considering a return to school, in certain fields, an advanced degree is required by employers more now than in previous years. For example, physical therapists used to be able to get into the workforce with a bachelor’s degree. Now nothing less than a master’s will get you your first job. The same is true in pharmacy.
“The technology has gotten more advanced,” agrees Burritt, “and there’s a feeling (in hospitals) that students need more advanced training for the positions.” According to USC’s Spradlin, dentists are increasingly requiring hygienists with BAs, especially on the West Coast. In fact, USC is even beginning to develop a master’s program in dental hygiene.
Making the decision to go back to school or to continue your current education to earn an advanced degree can be overwhelming. Both graduate school and college are expensive, time-consuming and require a great deal of hard work. The good news is that a higher level of education affords more than just better pay.
In occupational therapy, for example, some graduates take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities, such as consulting.
“There are so many places where people can break out into new areas, such as consultation, private practice, driver’s training, industry…” says Baum. “It depends on what the person’s goals are.”
For those with an associate’s degree, degree completion can mean opening doors to management opportunities. For others, a degree—whether undergraduate or advanced—may mean a chance to advance in one career or switch to another. Today, perhaps more than ever before, allied health workers have their pick of jobs and advancement opportunities. Couple the flexibility an advanced degree affords with a job market that continues to demand increasing numbers of workers—particularly minorities—and you have the makings of a great career.
“It’s a wonderful time to be in health care,” Burritt states.
Whether you’re studying to become an allied health care professional, already working within the field or just thinking about the possibility of a career in health care Diversity: Allied Health Career’s First Annual Salary Report will be an invaluable resource. You can find out how your salary matches up with your peers, or discover what sort of pay you can expect upon graduation. Readers just learning about career options in allied health will be able to find out how much education and experience is required for various professions within the field.
Maybe you’ll discover your employer is more generous than you thought or maybe this report will remind you that it’s about time for your annual review. Whatever the case, in light of the current dearth of health care employees, now is a great time to work in the allied health field. And don’t forget to check back next year who knows what sort of changes will have taken place in the field by then? Maybe next year you’ll be getting paid a Julia Roberts-size paycheck. It’s ok to dream.
While perusing this report, keep in mind that the scope of allied health care occupations is extremely broad, offering plenty of opportunities that require varied levels of education and skill. A quick scan of the job titles and salary ranges on the following pages shows a wide range of salaries, even within one field. The salary estimates include a median base salary and a range below and above the median, which reflects what 50% of the people in that occupation earn. It does not include, however, the extremes such as higher salaries that might be offered at large hospitals in major cities.
Because of high demand and low supply within many allied health occupations a trend that is expected to continue for years to come salaries should continue to increase at rates well above the national average for all workers. Signing bonuses, enhanced benefits and other “perks” are now being offered by many health care employers to entice candidates to hard-to-fill positions. Because needs are so high within some disciplines, stories about “wage wars” between employers are starting to surface.
Compensation competition within the health care industry has not reached the fierce level that the information technology sector experienced in the 1990s, but don’t be surprised if you start hearing some amazing stories about what employers are offering. Just make sure to separate fact from fiction. Making a salary demand to an employer based on unsubstantiated information is never a wise career move.
Due to space limitations, this report is not intended to provide comprehensive salary data on all allied health disciplines. Salary information and job descriptions are based on reports provided by Salary.com. More specific information, such as salaries in certain cities, is available at www.salary.com.
Anesthesia Technician
median: $25,370
range: $22,200 to $29,192
Assists anesthesiologist by setting up equipment and preparing medications. Orders, stocks, tests and maintains anesthesia supplies, medications and equipment. Washes and sterilizes reusable equipment and reports malfunctioning equipment to appropriate personnel. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent with two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. May also be required to complete anesthesia technician trainee program. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Biomedical Engineering Technician
median: $38,733
range: $35,320 to $42,587
Assembles, maintains and repairs various medical equipment. Tests the functionality of equipment and takes accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity measurements. Assists medical staff in operation of equipment. May require an associate’s degree in biomedical engineering or electronic engineering with two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Cardiac Technician
median: $29,306
range: $24,665 to $36,472
Operates heart/lung machines and related laboratory apparatus as well as physiological pressure monitoring systems. Prepares written documentation, as required by the profession and the department, regarding individualized treatment plans, evaluation results and progress reports. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent with two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Also may require completion of a certificate in health technology or scientific instrumentation in electrocardiography. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Cardio-Pulmonary Perfusionist
median: $86,935
range: $76,811 to $95,810
Sets up and operates heart/lung machines to take on the functions of patient’s organs while in surgery. Operates equipment to produce bypass, coronary perfusion, recirculation or partial bypass or to alter blood temperature, balance or content. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent with two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. In addition, a Certified Clinical Perfusionist (CCP) credential is required. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
CAT Scan Technologist
median: $43,630
range: $40,450 to $47,331
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Obtains patient history, explains standard procedures and addresses patient concerns. Produces computerized tomographic scanner radiographs of specific areas as required by the departmental procedures. Performs obstetric and gynecological scans, ultrasound techniques and examinations, abdominal scans, retroperitoneal scans and radiation therapy localization. Typically requires a high school diploma, completion of radiologic technology training, American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) registration and two to four years of experience. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Certified Respiratory Therapy Technician
median: $34,248
range: $31,547 to $37,310
Assists respiratory therapist in providing respiratory therapy to patients in accordance with professional standards and practices. Performs a variety of tasks involving set-up, operation, cleaning, sterilization and storing of respiratory therapy equipment. Changes nebulizers and humidifiers on nursing wards and resets oxygen flow as directed by physician. Operates sterilizers and aeration chambers, performs cold sterilization methods, and arranges for cleaning and sterilization of respiratory therapy equipment. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, completion of national and state certification and two to four years of related experience. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Cytogenetic Technologist
median: $41,779
range: $37,189 to $48,524
Performs microscopic analysis for cytogenetic studies on biological specimens from cell cultures. Studies include hematological disorders, fertility problems, chromosome analyses for prenatal diagnosis and congenital birth defects. Responsibilities include slide preparation, photomicroscopy, microscopy, computer image analysis, karyotyping, culturing and harvesting procedures and result reporting. May require a bachelor’s degree and one to three years of experience in the field or in a related area. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Dental Hygienist
median: $45,384
range: $38,880 to $52,359
Under the direct supervision of a dentist. Cleans calcareous deposits, accretions, and stains from teeth and beneath margins of gums using dental instruments. Feels lymph nodes under patient’s chin to detect swelling or tenderness that could indicate presence of oral cancer. Feels and visually examines gums for sores and signs of disease. May provide clinical services and health education to improve and maintain oral health of school children. May conduct dental health clinics for community groups to augment services of dentist. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent and two to four years of experience. Must be licensed as a dental hygienist.
Dental Laboratory Technician
median: $27,914
range: $25,652 to $32,844
Assists dentist in filling prescriptions. Creates molds and impressions to develop individual dental devices. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent and zero to two years of experience in a related field. Typically reports to supervisor or manager.
Echocardiograph Technician
median: $45,269
range: $40,781 to $50,429
Performs echocardiograms in accordance with established practices and procedures. Provides preliminary diagnostic evaluation and notifies cardiologists of results of examinations. Consults with cardiologist to establish requirements for non-standard examinations and determines technical factors to satisfy requirements. May require an associate’s degree, passing the Echocardiography Registry Exam and two to four years of experience. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
EKG Technician
median: $25,335
range: $22,062 to $29,831
Performs electrocardiographs according to established policies and procedures. Requires a high school diploma. Must be a graduate of an accredited EKG program with zero to two years of clinical experience. Typically reports to a registered nurse.
Emergency Medical Technician
median: $28,445
range: $23,589 to $35,502
Provides first aid care to patients who are either ill and/or injured. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent and zero to two years of experience in a related field. May be expected to meet certain state certifications and be CPR certified. Typically reports to supervisor or manager.
Head of Laboratory Services
median: $85,838
range: $75,275 to $95,171
Directs, establishes and plans the overall policies and goals for a hospital’s laboratory services. Requires a master’s degree in a related area and at least 10 years of experience in the field. Generally manages a group of nonexempt and exempt employees. Typically reports to an executive.
Histology Technician
median: $36,914
range: $32,603 to $40,544
Prepares tissue specimens for routine and special procedures to confirm a patient diagnosis. Performs complex histological procedures, records and analyzes data, maintains and repairs instruments. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent with two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Must also be certified as a Histotechnician HT (ASCP). Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Infection Control Coordinator
median: $54,213
range: $49,683 to $58,834
Monitors and investigates known or suspected sources of infections in order to determine the source and ensure control. Reviews sterilization and disinfection techniques and recommends changes as needed. Provides related education to staff. Prepares simple cultures as needed for environmental and individual studies. May require a bachelor’s degree and at least five years of experience in the field or in a related area. Relies on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals. May lead and direct the work of others. Typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department.
Laboratory Information Systems Coordinator
median: $50,736
range: $45,117 to $56,999
On a continual basis, develops the scope, the plan and the benefits of projects related to laboratory information systems. Maintains project documentation by formulating and implementing policies and procedures. Maintains and updates the system. May require a bachelor’s degree in area of specialty and two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Relies on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals. May lead and direct the work of others. Typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department.
Laboratory Manager
median: $75,901
range: $64,049 to $89,663
Plans and implements the overall laboratory policies, procedures and services for a unit and/or shift. May require a bachelor’s degree and must be a registered medical technologist with at least seven years of clinical experience in a related field. Generally manages clinical technicians. Typically reports to an executive.
Laboratory Supervisor
median: $42,828
range: $36,018 to $48,590
Organizes and directs the daily activities of the laboratory including supervising personnel, quality assurance and quality control procedures. Typically supervises the first shift. May require an associate’s degree and zero to two years of clinical experience in a related field. May be expected to meet certain state certifications. Typically reports to a manager.
Mammography Technologist
median: $42,254
range: $38,773 to $46,026
Operates x-ray equipment and performs various mammography-related procedures. Responsibilities include preparing and maintaining records and files, cleaning and adjusting equipment as needed. Requires completion of a formal radiologic technology training program in an AMA approved school, certificate in diagnostic mammography and two to four years of experience. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Medical Laboratory Technician
median: $31,674
range: $28,361 to $35,649
Performs manual and automated routine blood tests. Prepares specimens for microscope examination. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent and zero to two years of clinical experience in a related field. Typically reports to supervisor or manager.
Medical Records Director
median: $76,036
range: $67,394 to $85,733
Directs, establishes and plans the overall policies and goals for a medical records department. Requires a bachelor’s degree in a related area with at least seven years of experience in the field. Generally manages a group of exempt and nonexempt employees. Typically reports to an executive.
Medical Technologist – Hematology
median: $42,823
range: $38,876 to $46,350
Performs blood tests and specialized hematologic procedures. May also be expected to study morphology of blood and perform coagulation studies. Requires a bachelor’s degree with at least two to four years of experience. Typically reports to a manager or supervisor.
Medical Technologist – Microbiology
median: $42,859
range: $39,921 to $46,759
Performs a variety of virological, mycological, bacteriological and parasitological tests to provide data on cause and progress of disease. Identifies, isolates and cultivates microorganisms present in body fluids, skin scrapings, exudates, or autopsy and surgical specimens. May require a bachelor’s degree in medical technology, ASCP certification/eligibility, and two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Relies on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals. May lead and direct the work of others. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
MRI Technologist
median: $46,793
range: $43,012 to $50,975
Operates a magnetic resonance scanner to obtain images used by physicians in the diagnosis and treatments of pathologies. Selects appropriate imaging techniques, operates console and peripheral hardware, enters and monitors patient data, transfers images from disk to magnetic media to produce the transparency and develops film in automatic processor. May require a bachelor’s degree in area of specialty and two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Typically requires registration with the ARRT. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Nuclear Laboratory Technologist Supervisor
median: $63,247
range: $57,994 to $69,474
Supervises personnel engaged in diagnostic laboratory testing. Performs assigned phases of nuclear research under the guidance of the director of nuclear medicine. May require a bachelor’s degree and at least five years of experience in the field or in a related area. Must also be certified by the Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board or registration by the ARRT. Relies on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals. May lead and direct the work of others. Typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department.
Nuclear Medicine Technician
median: $48,539
range: $43,287 to $53,863
Provides diagnostic aid to physicians by conducting organ or body scans on patients. Administers and records isotope dosage in accordance with established departmental protocol. Observes patient during procedure and reports any abnormal activity. Typically requires a bachelor’s degree in Nuclear Medicine; two to four years of experience; and registration with the Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board, the ARRT or the American Society of Clinical Pathology. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department.
Nuclear Medicine Technologist
median: $45,189
range: $42,111 to $48,577
Administers and monitors radionuclides to patients to determine presence of radioactive drugs. Requires an associate’s degree with zero to two years of experience in a related field. May be expected to meet certain state certifications. Typically reports to supervisor or manager.
Occupational Therapist
median: $53,376
range: $49,754 to $57,531
Plans and directs a course of occupational therapy to restore motor control. Requires a bachelor’s degree and certification as an occupational therapist with two to four years of clinical experience. Typically reports to a manager or supervisor.
Operating Room Technician
median: $30,061
range: $27,021 to $32,871
Assists surgical team during operative procedures by arranging and inventorying sterile set-up for operation and passing items as needed. Assists in preparing and moving patients and in cleaning the operating theater. Must be a graduate of an accredited School of Surgical Technologists, possess a current ORT certification and have two to four years of experience. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Orthopedic Technician
median: $27,755
range: $24,054 to $32,490
Applies and adjusts plaster casts and assembles and attaches orthopedic traction equipment and devices as directed by a physician. Sets up bed traction units or rigs special devices as required. Inspects and adjusts bandages and equipment. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, completion of Orthopedic Technician training and certification program and two to four years of related experience. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Paramedic
median: $29,271
range: $25,933 to $33,070
Provides emergency first aid to injured or ill patients, applies artificial respiration, administers oxygen in cases of suffocation or asphyxiation, dispenses antiseptic solution to prevent infection, starts and administers intravenous fluids, and assists in lifting patient onto stretcher and into/out of ambulance. Accompanies ambulance driver on calls and may aid physician during emergency situations. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, state certification and two to four years of related experience. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Pharmacist
median: $68,215
range: $64,939 to $72,701
Under the direction of a physician, compounds and dispenses prescribed drug. Requires a bachelor’s degree and/or an advanced degree in pharmacy and a license to practice. Typically reports to a manager or supervisor.
Pharmacist – Clinical
median: $73,715
range: $68,746 to $78,757
Conducts drug utilization review studies. Consults with medical practitioners on prescription orders, patient reactions and errors. May require a doctorate in pharmacy or medicine. Must be a registered pharmacist. Typically reports to a manager or supervisor.
Pharmacy Technician
median: $22,279
range: $19,717 to $26,837
Under the direct supervision of a registered pharmacist, compounds and dispenses medical prescriptions. May be expected to perform some clerical duties relating to the department. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent and zero to three years of clinical experience in a related field. May be expected to meet certain state certifications. Typically reports to supervisor or manager. The salary range for technicians with four or more years of experience is $22,451 to $27,178.
Phlebotomist
median: $21,837
range: $19,956 to $24,106
Draws and collects blood samples from patients, verifies records and prepares specimens for laboratory analysis. Requires a high school diploma and/or certification by a nationally recognized body and zero to three years of related experience. Has knowledge of commonly used concepts, practices and procedures within a particular field. Relies on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job. Works under immediate supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Physical Therapist
median: $57,494
range: $50,366 to $61,865
Plans and directs a course of physical therapy to restore motor control. Requires a master’s degree and certification as a physical therapist. Typically reports to a manager or supervisor.
Physician Assistant
median: $69,353
range: $65,795 to $75,275
Under the supervision of a medical director, assesses, plans and provides patient care under the authority of a physician’s plan. May diagnose patient illness. Requires a bachelor’s degree with two to four years of clinical experience. Must meet any state requirements pertaining to a physician assistant. Typically reports to a physician.
Prosthetist/Orthotist
median: $54,593
range: $47,926 to $63,489
Designs and fits artificial limbs, braces and appliances for body deformities and disorders by carefully examining affected area for factors that would affect the fitting and/or placement. May specialize in making and fitting artificial limbs and be designated a Prothetist, or may specialize in making and fitting orthopedic braces and be designated an Orthotist. Typically requires a bachelor’s degree, certification by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, and at least five years of experience in the field or in a related area. Relies on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Radiation Therapy Technologist
median: $50,985
range: $46,775 to $56,036
Responsibilities include performing radiation therapy, radiographic procedures and operating specialized x-ray equipment. Other duties include keeping treatment records; maintaining, storing and ordering supplies and equipment; and preparing operational reports as needed. Typically requires an associate’s degree or its equivalent, ARRT registry or registry eligibility in radiation therapy technology, and two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. Works under general supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Radiologic Technologist
median: $40,143
range: $36,486 to $42,510
Arranges patients for radiologic examinations. Produces radiographs (x-rays) to aid in the diagnosis of medical problems. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent with zero to two years of experience in the field or in a related area. Relies on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job. Works under immediate supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Renal Dialysis Technician
median: $25,696
range: $22,636 to $30,131
Monitors and operates various machines related to peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, plasmaphoresis and drug overdose. Develops and establishes protocols for equipment evaluation and training materials to instruct patients and staff in practices and principles of dialysis. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, state certification and two to four years of related experience. Relies on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job. Works under immediate supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Respiratory Therapist
median: $42,489
range: $38,848 to $46,365
Assists in the diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with pulmonary disorders. May require an associate’s degree or its equivalent and two to four years of experience in the field or in a related area. May be expected to meet certain state certifications and may require CPR certification. Works under general supervision; typically reports to a supervisor or manager.
Surgical Assistant
median: $40,228
range: $28,947 to $53,047
Performs various duties to assist surgeon during surgery: retracts tissues and ties suturing materials, starts intravenous solutions, inserts tubes and performs pap smears. Also collects history and performs physical examinations of patients. Requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, graduation from an accredited physician assistant program and two to four years of related experience. Relies on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job. Works under immediate supervision. Typically reports to a supervisor.
“PT is a great career choice, not only because you have the opportunity to truly help people in times of need, but working with the people in PT is great too. I think you really have to enjoy working with people in this profession.”
John Popovich
By their very nature, most careers within the field of allied health are considered personally rewarding.
In fact, as part of this work force, your desire to help others is probably at the top of your “what I want to accomplish” list. While many careers in allied health provide a sense of personal satisfaction, the field of physical therapy in particular can offer both career and personal fulfillment.
So what exactly does being a physical therapist entail? Let’s say a patient needs treatment for musculoskeletal or neuromuscular problems that affect their ability to move in the way they are accustomed. Who can help this patient get back to doing the things he or she enjoys? Here come physical therapists to the rescue, the experts in movement and function.
The physical therapist, as defined by the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), provides services aimed at preventing the onset and/or slowing the progression of conditions resulting from injury, disease and other causes. The physical therapist provides these services to people of all ages who have functional conditions resulting from back and neck injuries, sprains/strains and fractures, arthritis, burns, amputations, strokes, multiple sclerosis, birth defects such as cerebral palsy and spina bifida, injuries related to work and sports, and others.
A career in physical therapy is a great option in the medical field because it provides the opportunity for autonomy in your patients’ care, flexibility in choosing a practice setting and a work environment where you are able to interact with people and improve their quality of life. Physical therapists are respected members of the health care team. They work in conjunction with other health providers to meet the individual health needs of their patients. Physical therapists examine patients’ medical histories and then test and measure their strength, range of motion, balance and coordination, posture, muscle performance, and respiration and motor function. They determine patients’ ability to be independent and reintegrate into the community or workplace after injury or illness. Next, they develop a treatment plan by describing a treatment strategy, its purpose and anticipated the outcome. The publisher of PT Magazine remarked in a past issue, “Today physical therapists provide help for every part of the body and to everyone from infants to the elderly—more than one million people every day.”
An Ancient Tradition Moving Into the Future
The principles of physical therapy have been part of the healing arts since the beginning of recorded time. Treating health problems by applying heat and exercises had its beginning in ancient times. As early as 3000 B.C., the Chinese used rubbing as a therapeutic measure, and Hippocrates advocated this technique in his writings in 460 B.C.
Modern physical therapy in the U.S. was established by the Surgeon General’s office in 1917 with the inauguration of the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction. The American Physical Therapy Association was started in 1921, and the professional status of the field was also established that year.
The real worth of physical therapy, however, was not widely recognized until World War II when medical teams in the armed forces rehabilitated seriously injured patients. Their success caused more people in the medical field to appreciate the good that physical therapy could do.
Today, physical therapy is thriving. It’s currently a hot profession and that trend is likely to continue—according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 71% more physical therapist jobs will be available by 2006. Over the long run, the demand for physical therapists should continue to rise as a result of:
A rapid growth in the number of middle-aged and elderly individuals that will increases the demand for therapeutic services;
Baby-boomers entering prime age for heart attacks and strokes;
Advanced technologies to save larger proportions of babies with birth defects
And an increased interest in health promotion.
The growth and demand for the profession also affords opportunities for therapists to specialize in pediatrics, sports medicine, neurology, home health, geriatrics, orthopedics, aquatic therapy, wound care, electrotherapy, occupational health, women’s health, acute care, education, administration, research and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. The work settings are also very diverse and range from hospitals, nursing homes, schools, outpatient clinics, fitness facilities, the home environment, self-employment and at many industrial companies.
“I like this occupation because it offers the opportunity to work and care for people. It really makes me feel better about myself knowing that I am able to help people and assist them in the rehabilitation process.”
Leigh Langerwerf
Physical therapists often coordinate treatment plans with doctors, nurses, social workers and occupational therapists for the purpose of evaluating and treating disease, injury or illness. As experts in movement and function, physical therapists are also involved in preventing injury. Physical therapists work as consultants in industrial settings to improve the design of workplaces and reduce the risk of workers overusing certain muscles or developing lower back pain. Physical therapists also provide services to athletes at all levels to screen for potential problems and institute preventive exercise programs.
Douglas Auleta, MD, an orthopedic surgeon affiliated with Las Cruces Orthopedic Associates in Las Cruces, N.M., says, “A good PT is an extension of a good surgeon—they make or break the work of the surgeon.” He also explains that as a surgeon, he depends on the PT to carry out treatment plans that allow patients to increase their range of motion, strength and conditioning and to help relieve pain after surgery.
“The quality of a physical therapist is judged by the actual results the patient receives,” Auleta adds. “Does the patient show improvement based on the care received by the PT? Trust and communication between the patient, the PT and the surgeon is crucial.”
Chose Your Own Adventure
There are three levels of physical therapy practitioners: the physical therapist (PT), the physical therapy assistant (PTA) and the physical therapy aide. Each position requires a different type and degree of education and skill. The physical therapist’s job is to following through with a referral from a physician. Upon an assessment of the patient, a treatment plan is designed to help the patient. Physical therapists must continually document and evaluate the patient’s progress and report all information to the referring physician and insurance companies. “Regular communication, either by faxed or mailed reports, is critical,” says Auleta.
The minimum educational requirements for a physical therapist are a post-baccalaureate degree from an accredited education program. A post-baccalaureate degree allows the student to obtain a broad background in the liberal arts and provides time for students to integrate all the scientific technology and literature that would not be possible at the baccalaureate degree level. In addition, the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) no longer accredits baccalaureate professional programs.
“If I could do it again, I would get my bachelor’s degree in something different from the health field, but still have a strong background in science and kinesiology,” says John Popovich, SPT, University of Southern California. He adds, “Volunteering or working in hospitals or clinics to gain experience in the profession is a must.”
Physical therapy assistants are technically educated health providers who assist physical therapists in the provisions of physical therapy and may perform physical therapy interventions selected by supervising physical therapists. Typical duties include giving heat, light and sound treatments; massages; and facilitating exercises that help to heal muscles, nerves, bones and joints. Physical therapy assistants teach patients to re-learn or improve necessary skills such as walking, climbing and general mobility.
Physical therapy assistants must generally possess an associate’s degree from one of the 252 accredited physical therapy assistant programs in order to practice legally. The State Board of Medical Examiners, in whichever state they choose to work, must also license them. Forty states require that assistants pass a written examination before granting a license. Additional requirements include certification in first aid and CPR and a specific amount of clinical training. The need for qualified assistants is so great, however, that some states are offering temporary licenses to individuals who have taken the exams but have not yet received the results. A typical PTA program consists of two years of course work including algebra, anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry and psychology. The PTA program is divided between academics and clinical or “hands on” experience.
Physical therapy aides are skilled health care workers who help physical therapists or physical therapy assistants when a patient is receiving treatment. They prepare patients by helping them dress and undress and by putting on and taking off supports and other devices. They put patients into therapy equipment and supports and turn the patient while keeping them stable during treatments. Physical therapy aides also keep track of the patients’ condition during treatment and reports signs of tiredness, distress or other problems.
Physical therapy aides are not licensed. The aide completes on-the-job training in areas they would be expected to perform. Aides must also have strong interpersonal skills and a genuine desire to help and comfort others. Persons desiring admission to a physical therapy program often work as an aid to gain experience in the physical therapy environment.
As of January 15, 2003, there were 204 accredited physical therapy programs at 196 colleges and universities. A growing number of programs offer the doctor of physical therapy (DPT) degree. Of the accredited programs in 2003, 140 offer master’s degrees and 64 offer professional DPT programs.
What is the difference between getting a master’s degree in physical therapy versus a DPT, and why would you choose one over the other? Leigh Langerwerf, SPT, University of Southern California, says, “I chose to get a DPT because that seems to be the direction that the profession is going in regard to education recommendations, and I believed that the DPT would prepare me the best for the profession.
“After a few years of practicing,” Langerwerf continues, “I realize that in reference to what they’ve seen in the clinic, there is little difference between DPT and MPT. However, the big benefit with having a DPT is that you have a wider range of knowledge and more clinical experience prior to graduation. That, I feel, is important because it allows you to practice your skills while still under the supervision of a qualified practitioner that can help to mold your skills and thought process further.”
How to Be the Perfect PT
The general physical therapy curriculum includes courses in biology, chemistry and physics, and there are also specialized courses offered such as biomechanics, neuroanatomy, human growth and development, manifestations of disease, examination techniques and therapeutic procedures. Besides classroom and laboratory instruction, students also receive supervised clinical experience. Upon graduation from the master’s program candidates must pass a state administered national exam. Graduation from an accredited program is required for eligibility to sit for the licensure examination for physical therapists and for physical therapist assistants in those states in which licensure is required. Some physical therapists seek advanced certification in a clinical specialty such as orthopedic, neurological, cardiopulmonary, pediatric, geriatric or sports physical therapy. Others are certified in electrophysiological testing and measurement.
When selecting a physical therapy program there are many factors to consider in order to find one that is right for you. Look at the geographic location and size of the school, cost, class size, licensure pass rates, employability, faculty composition and number of years on the staff, design and length of curriculum. Talk to current students and recent graduates of the program. Interview employers who hire graduates from a particular program and ask about the programs strengths and weaknesses.
As an undergraduate considering a career in physical therapy, there are some preparations you can do now to prepare for admission into an accredited program. It’s important to have a solid background in anatomy, biology, chemistry, social science, mathematics and physics. Before granting admission, many professional education programs also require that candidates also have experience as a volunteer in a physical therapy department of a hospital or clinic. Candidates should have GPAs of 3.0 or higher on a 4.0 scale. Admission officers look favorably on an applicant’s volunteer experience as a physical therapy aide, letters of recommendation from physical therapists or science teachers, and excellent writing and interpersonal skills. Physical therapists need to be compassionate, patient, tactful and resourceful; have good manual dexterity, be a skilled problem-solver; be knowledgeable of current research; maintain continuing education; have good physical stamina; and be emotionally stable in order to help patients and their families understand the treatments and adjust to any changes in their mobility.
Be aware if you are deciding between becoming a physical therapist or a physical therapy assistant: the physical therapy assistant program is not a stepping-stone to a physical therapy program. The curriculum differs and does not provide the needed prerequisites required for physical therapy education.
Enhancing Cultural Diversity in Physical Therapy
The American Physical Therapy Association conducted a survey of its members, and the results showed that for physical therapists the median salary was $52,000 depending on position, years of experience, degree of education, geographic location and practice setting. The majority of physical therapists are female (67.2%) and Caucasian (90.8%).
Only 4.2% are Asian, 1.9% are Hispanic, 1.5% are African American and 0.5% are American Indian. The type of facility in which members practice shows 32.3% in private out-patient office or group practice, 17.4% in health system or hospital based outpatient facility or clinic, 16.3% with an acute care hospital and 8.0% working in patient’s home/home care settings.
““It is very gratifying to help someone and see his or her progress and to know that you are part of that. Also, it is a very versatile field, in that you could go into private practice, hospitals, outpatient and in various specialty areas. It is not about the money—it’s decent wages, but not what everyone expects.”
Daniel Aguilar
Physical therapist assistants earn a median income of $30,000 and have an unemployment rate of only 3.9%, down from 4.2% in 2001. PTAs are also predominately female (81.2%) and Caucasian (90.7%), according to the APTA survey. Most physical therapy aides earn $16,460 – $23,390. The highest 10% earn more than $28,800.
As the U. S. population becomes more diverse, it is important for physical therapists to meet the needs of all racial and ethnic groups. Cultural diversity within the profession of physical therapy is highly valued because physical therapists, physical therapy assistants and aides interact with patients and families who are of various ages, races, religions and ethnic backgrounds. When physical therapists and their clients share a common language and a similar background, the effectiveness of treatment is greatly enhanced.
Ruben Abeyta, SPT, University of Southern California says, “Given the diversity of the population, it is important for minorities to enter into the health profession in general. I am Hispanic and am able to communicate Spanish-speaking patients and I understand their culture. It is important for minorities to be represented in the health care system so that patients can have a variety of professionals to choose from.”
The American Physical Therapy Association is committed to enhancing cultural diversity and awareness of cultural differences in the profession of physical therapy. The association’s activities include the Minority Scholarship Award for Academic Excellence—a scholarship for candidates enrolled in the final academic year of an accredited physical therapist program. The APTA also provides workshops for physical therapy education faculty on the importance of, and methods to, recruit and graduate a culturally diverse student body and to recruit and retain a culturally diverse faculty. Other APTA initiatives to raise cultural awareness provide mentoring services and campaigns to raise consumer awareness of physical therapy services among minority audiences through a national advertising campaign.
The slogan adopted by the APTA in 2001 states what physical therapy is all about: “The Science of Healing. The Art of Caring.”
The Society Pages
The American Physical Therapy Association
www.apta.org
This is the national professional organization representing more than 63,000 members. Its goal is to foster advancements in physical therapy practice, research and education.
The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy
www.fsbpt.org
This organization provides standards for physical therapy practice across the U.S. They develop, maintain and administer the National Physical Therapy Examination for Physical Therapists and Physical Therapy Assistants.
education: Master of Science, Health Services Administration, California State University, San Bernardino; Bachelor of Science, Occupational Therapy, Howard University, Washington, D.C. title: Occupational therapist workplace: Sun Dance Rehabilitation
Kashala Erby was raised in California, but she moved to the east coast to attended college at prestigious Howard University-a school with a solid reputation for providing top-notch education to African-American students. Erby has been an occupational therapist for the last six years, and during this time she has worked for Catholic Healthcare West, American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), and finally with her current employer, Sun Dance Rehabilitation. Occupational therapy (OT) has been a rewarding career for Erby because it blends several disciplines including the sciences, sociology, psychology and education. It also involves getting to know patients’ history. “In my case the patients are elderly people,” Erby says, “so it’s fun to learn about who they are and then assist them with their progress.”
Erby learned about occupational therapy from a college advisor and quickly became hooked on the field. “It didn’t take long after learning about the profession that I felt this was the path for me,” she says.
As far as advice for up-and-coming OTs, Erby offers this piece of wisdom: “[Occupational therapy] is a profession where you truly must be a person who can deal with a variety of personalities and temperaments. It’s important to know that although you are working one-on-one with patients, you must be someone who can collaborate with others because there are multiple professionals who are involved with the patients care and well being.”
8:30 a.m. to 9:15 a.m.
First thing every morning, I work on management activities. I do case load organization, review paperwork and notes, communicate with colleagues, make copies, do faxing and check my email.
At the start of my day, I also determined what patients are to be seen and the length of their sessions based on a weekly census. Typically I treat about five to eight patients per day. Short- and long-term goals are established for each patient after an evaluation, and a treatment plan is also developed. Patients who receive non-inclusive care are those who have had strokes, heart attacks, orthopedic surgery, generalized weakness, arthritis or neuropathy.
Before a therapy session begins, I check the gym area to make sure it’s clean and presentable. I communicate with colleagues in physical therapy and nursing about any occupational therapy issues that need to be addressed and address any new patient or family issues.
In the morning I also need to be mindful of the breakfast service and other scheduled activities slated for patients.
9:15 a.m. to 3:34 p.m. For the bulk of my day, I provide direct patient care. During each session I teach the patient a self-care task like dressing, grooming or personal hygiene. I also work with the patient on a therapeutic activity like balance, coordination or a reaching task, or help them with a therapeutic exercise like upper extremity exercise with or without resistance, which is aimed at improving flexibility, strength and movement.
The sessions are guided by short-term goals, which are determined by their long-term goals. The main goal for most patients is to restore their ability to engage in daily activities based on what is desired by each person. I want to be able to get my patients to maximize their performance in their daily activities while utilizing specific treatment techniques.
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Here is an example of how a typical days progress: A patient comes to the facility with orders from a physician for occupational therapy. There is an initial OT evaluation exam with the patient, which includes a chart review and discussion with the patient in their room. During this exam I will determine their condition and prior levels of function. I also share with the patient what we will do in therapy and the goals we will accomplish. Upon the conclusion of our interview, I complete an OT evaluation appropriate for their diagnosis and condition. In general the evaluation includes the patient’s range of motion (ROM) manual muscle testing, and an assessment of their activities of daily living (ADL) status.
After the initial evaluation, I begin to formulate a treatment plan, which will detail the frequency and duration of their therapy. Treatment frequency is generally three to five times per week, and each session is once a day from 30-60 minutes.
The duration of therapy can be one to four weeks; adjustments are made based on the patient’s progress.
During the final phase, I document the evaluation and place the appropriate paperwork in the resident’s chart. I also notify the doctor that the evaluation is complete and what the treatment plan will be. From start to finish an evaluation is typically 45-60 minutes.
On this particular day, the resident I evaluated is being treated for a stroke and is exhibiting weakness on his left side. His goals are to improve his upper body strength so that he can push his wheelchair to the dining room and dress his upper body independently. He would also like to improve his left hand coordination so that he can brush his teeth and use the restroom independently.
The treatment process begins by teaching him how to roll his wheelchair to the OT gym using both the left and right side of his body. If his left side was too weak, I would teach him a one-sided technique. If his family members had been present, I would have taught them the process as well, so they could have coached and assisted him.
3:45 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. At the end of a typical day, I handle the necessary paperwork and prepare for the next day. However, sometimes I may do paperwork in the morning prior to meeting with patients.
In order to assess each patient’s care, I converse with a multidisciplinary team, and I look at chart documentation and dialogue from weekly team meetings on each patient’s care. Through conversations with team members, we discuss patient’s tolerance for treatment, progress, change of status, and any other issues regarding their care. I compile their diagnosis, rehab potential, clinical expertise, and input from the patient’s family and decide on the best possible therapy for each patient.
My days do not function by clockwork; there are not set times that I do a particular activity or see a specific patient. I may be scheduled to visit with a patient, but if they are visiting with a family member, still receiving care from another colleague, sleeping, or just not available at the time I was planning to conduct their therapy, I move to a different plan. I may check to see if my next patient is able to meet with me earlier than scheduled, or I may finish some paperwork.
